Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy.
When someone has type 2 diabetes, their body either doesn't respond properly to insulin (insulin resistance) or doesn't produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs. This leads to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream, causing high blood sugar levels, which can lead to various health complications if not managed properly.
Here's how type 2 diabetes affects the body:
Pancreas:
Initially, the pancreas may produce extra insulin to compensate for the body's insulin resistance. Over time, however, the pancreas may become unable to keep up with the demand for insulin production, leading to insufficient insulin levels.
Cells:
Insulin resistance prevents cells in the body from effectively absorbing glucose from the bloodstream. As a result, glucose remains in the bloodstream, causing high blood sugar levels.
Liver:
In people with type 2 diabetes, the liver may produce excess glucose, contributing to elevated blood sugar levels even when food hasn't been consumed (especially during fasting periods).
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Blood Vessels:
High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Kidneys:
The kidneys may work harder to filter excess glucose from the blood, leading to increased urine production. Over time, diabetes-related kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) can occur, potentially leading to kidney failure.
Nerves:
High blood sugar levels can damage nerves throughout the body, leading to a condition called diabetic neuropathy. This can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, or weakness, particularly in the hands and feet.
Eyes:
Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, and vision loss if left untreated.
Skin:
Individuals with diabetes may be more prone to skin problems such as dry skin, itching, infections, and slow wound healing.
Immune System:
High blood sugar levels can weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of infections and impairing the body's ability to heal wounds.
Overall Health:
Left unmanaged, type 2 diabetes increases the risk of various complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, eye problems, dental issues, and foot problems.
Management of type 2 diabetes typically involves lifestyle modifications (such as healthy eating, regular exercise, weight management) and may also include medications or insulin therapy as prescribed by a healthcare provider. It's essential for individuals with type 2 diabetes to work closely with their healthcare team to monitor blood sugar levels, manage risk factors, and prevent complications. Regular medical check-ups, blood tests, and screenings are essential components of diabetes management.
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